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Metaphors of AI indicate that people increasingly perceive AI as warm and human-like
Collects over 12,000 open-ended metaphor responses from a nationally representative US sample across 12 months, developing a systematic framework to quantify how people conceptualise AI. Finds that Americans increasingly perceive AI as warm, competent, and human-like, with attributions of warmth and human-likeness rising significantly in the year after ChatGPT's release. Demographic variation matters: women, older individuals, and people of colour are more likely to attribute human-like qualities, and these perceptions strongly predict trust and willingness to adopt AI.