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Beyond anthropomorphism: a spectrum of interface metaphors for LLMs

Proposes a spectrum of interface metaphors for LLMs beyond the default anthropomorphic framing. Different metaphors (tool, oracle, collaborator, environment) carry different implications for user expectations and design.

by Jianna So, Connie Cheng, Sonia Krishna Murthy

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Proposes metaphors beyond the anthropomorphic default. So et al. map a spectrum from tool to oracle to collaborator to environment, arguing that the choice of metaphor shapes user expectations, error tolerance, and the kinds of interactions that feel appropriate. The anthropomorphic framing is one option, not a neutral default.

Published 2026.

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